Budidaya Pertanian, Perkebungan, Perikanan dan Kehutanan

Tanaman Sakti Tumpas Macam-macam Penyakit

Tim Redaksi

<p>Senyawa kimia berpotensi penyembuh tersebut berupa fitonutrisi, zat kimia aktif pemberi warna pada tanaman yang juga berfungsi sebagai dinding pertahanan atas penyakit, serangan serangga, dan pemangsa. Setiap tanaman memiliki kandungan senyawa fitonutrisi dengan efek penyembuhan yang berbeda-beda. Dengan banyak manfaat, seperti sebagai antioksidan, memperbaiki respon sistem kekebalan tubuh, memperbaiki komunikasi antarsel, membunuh sel kanker, memperbaiki DNA yang rusak, dan lain sebagainya.<br></p><p>Buku ini secara khusus membahas 33 jenis herbal ajaib yang memiliki kemampuan mencegah dan mengobati penyakit asam urat, diabetes, serta darah tinggi. Ketiga penyakit tersebut merupakan jenis penyakit yang saat ini banyak dikeluhkan masyarakat, terutama daerah perkotaan. Ketiga penyakit tersebut termasuk dalam jenis penyakit metabolik dan degeneratif, bukan penyakit infeksi. Penyakit metabolik dan degeneratif umumnya memerlukan masa cukup lama untuk sembuh. Mengingat sifat pengobatan herbal yang cenderung minim efek samping, tentulah pengobatan ini layak dipilih.</p>

Tahukah Anda? FAKTA BUAH dan SAYUR yang BERBAHAYA

J. Haryadi

<p>Buku ini dibuat untuk membantu masyarakat dalam menjelaskan berbagai tanaman buah dan sayuran yang mempunyai zat racun dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Dalam buku ini terdapat berbagai jenis tanaman buah dan sayuran, termasuk yang sudah biasa kita konsumsi sehari-hari seperti buah alpukat, nanas, durian, bawang, kacang merah, seledri dan lain-lain. Semua tanaman tersebut ternyata mengandung berbagai jenis racun seperti pestisida, arsenik, arbin, risin dan lain-lain.</p>

Agribisnis Labu Kuning

Tim Redaksi

Agribisnis Rambutan

Tim Garuda Eduka

Agribisnis Pisang

Tim Produksi

Agribisnis Pepaya

Tim Produksi

Agribisnis Mentimun

Tim Produksi

Agribisnis Melon

Tim Produksi

Sago Palm: Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods

Hiroshi Ehara, Yukio Toyoda

<p>In 2015, the 12th International Sago Symposium (SAGO 2015) entitled Sago Supports Human and Planet Welfare was held in Rikkyo University, Ikebukuro, Tokyo. It was the third international symposium on sago to have been held in Japan, supported by the Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture (JSTA); the Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience (JSAG); United Nations of Food and Agriculture (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of the Government of Japan (MAFF); Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Studies (JIRCAS), and Rikkyo University. About 120 participants including 78 sago specialists from many countries in the world came to Ikebukuro to participate in the symposium. Through the discussion during the symposium, it was concluded by the organizing committee of SAGO 2015 that a book on sago should be published by the Society of Sago Palm Studies from the viewpoint of new aspects. The society contacted Springer Publishing Company to publish a book on sago. Much of the contribution for this book was financially supported by the late Isao Nagato and Rikkyo University, which accepted the financial proposal from the society.<br></p><p>Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) can be grown in wetland swamps of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands where other food crops cannot grow economically and produce high yield of starch. It is one of the typical indigenous food crops with very little attention and research. Since other food crops cannot be grown, sago palm has a high potential to contribute to food security and improvement of health and human welfare as an additional source of staple food without competition for the use of arable lands.</p>

Combating Malnutrition through Sustainable Approaches

Farhan Saeed

<p>Malnutrition is becoming a major concern in developing countries due to a lack of facilities for post-harvest handling and improper supply chain management, because of which millions of tons of food are wasted each year. Shortage of food in many areas results in malnourished populations, especially children. According to recent statistics, more than 149 million children worldwide younger than 5 years were malnourished (wasted or obese) in 2020. Of these children, 3.1 million die every year due to the deficiency of vital nutrients, which leads to functional and structural abnormalities. This book provides a comprehensive overview of malnutrition and strategies for combatting this dangerous condition.<br></p>

Sugarcane: Biotechnology for Biofuels

Muhammad Sarwar Khan

<p>Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the most vegetatively cultivated cash crops in the world, predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions in more than 90 countries, and it is the main source of sugar, biofuel, and biomaterial. Despite enormous efforts, crop production is compromised due to several biotic and abiotic factors; therefore, the crop demands more attention from breeders and biotechnologists to improve its sustainable production. In this era of depleting natural energy resources, biotechnology has played a major role in converting sugarcane into energy-cane (ethanol- and lipid-cane) to meet the requirements of energy on a sustainable basis.<br></p>

Biorefinery: Current Status, Challenges, and New Strategies

Kwang Ho Kim, Chang Geun Yoo

<p>The overdependence on fossil fuels has raised concerns about global warming and the energy crisis, which has warranted significant research to find alternatives. Lignocellulosic biomass has attracted significant attention because it is renewable, abundant, and carbon-neutral [1]. The past decade has seen increasing research efforts to develop biomass-to-bioproducts processes. Despite the huge potential proven by recent biorefineries, the current bioeconomy still faces various technical challenges. In this respect, modern lignocellulosic biorefineries aim to develop more sustainable biomass conversion processes, tackling such challenges.<br></p><p>Fractionation of biomass components, typically the first stage in biomass conversion processes, remains an essential step to facilitate the separation of lignin and polysaccharides. In this Special Issue, Ahmed et al. [2] studied the effect of gamma-valerolactone (GVL)- assisted biomass fractionation on lignin extraction and cellulose digestion. GVL was recently viewed as a sustainable alternative in biomass defragmentation [3]. In this article, the authors reported that 80% aqueous GVL could effectively remove lignin and enhance enzymatic digestibility. Lee et al. [4] used a two-step pretreatment approach that includes an acid-catalyzed steam explosion followed by alkali-catalyzed organosoly treatment to separate cellulose-rich fraction and lignin from an empty fruit bunch.</p>

Toward a Sustainable Agriculture Through Plant Biostimulants: From Experimental Data to Practical Applications

Youssef Rouphael, Giuseppe Colla

<p>Modern agriculture increasingly demands an alternative to synthetic chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) in order to respond to the changes in international law and regulations, but also consumers' needs for food without potentially toxic residues. Microbial (arbuscular mycorrhizal and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Rizhobium spp.) and non-microbial (humic substances, silicon, animal- and vegetal-based protein hydrolysate and macro- and micro-algal extracts) biostimulants represent a sustainable and effective alternative or complement for their synthetic counterparts, bringing benefits to the environment, biodiversity, human health and economy. The Special Issue "Toward a sustainable agriculture through plant biostimulants: from experimental data to practical applications" compiles 34 original research articles, 4 review papers and 1 brief report covering the implications of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants for improving seedling growth and crop performance, nutrient use efficiency and quality of the produce as well as enhancing the tolerance/resistance to a wide range of abiotic stresses in particular salinity, drought, nutrient deficiency and high temperature. The present compilation of high standard scientific papers on principles and practices of plant biostimulants will foster knowledge transfer among researchers, fertilizer and biostimulant industries, stakeholders, extension specialists and farmers, and it will enable a better understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms and application procedure of biostimulants in different cropping systems.<br></p>

Fabrication and characterization of novel biocomposite based on Sargassum vulgare for controlling sugar beet root diseases

Noha Abdelwahab, Walaa Rabie

<p>Background: Safe food free from diseases is the world's goal. Excessive usage of chemical fungicides is considered the most important danger for the climate. Natural alternatives with low costs have become the best choice for sus- tainable agriculture.<br></p><p>Results: In the context of researching green materials instead of chemical fungicides, the fabrication of nanoSargassum vulgare and its composite with zeolite was carried out. Followed by an investigation of the efficiency of their extracts on controlling sugar beet root rot diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporium) throughout two successive seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022) under greenhouse conditions. The structure and morphology of nanosargassum and its biocomposite were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, Zeta potential, and size particles. The morphological structure of biocomposite was changed from tubularly structured into layers stacked on top of each other after impregnation of zeolite into S. vulgare, and its size was reduced from 85 to 50 nm, which was confirmed through size particle distribution. The biocomposite was the most effective one in managing root rot disease caused by R. solani. It reduces disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) with efficacy (91.08% and 88.89%), respectively, compared to that recorded by commercial fungicides (63.09% and 61.81%). In the same manner, the composite extract recorded the highest efficiency percentage in controlling the disease caused by S. rolfsii (76.04 and 55.27e was carried out. followed by an investigation of the efficiency of their extracts on controlling sugar beet root rot diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporium) throughout two successive seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022) under greenhouse conditions. The structure and morphology of nanosargassum and its biocomposite were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, Zeta potential, and size particles. The morphological structure of biocomposite was changed from tubularly structured into layers stacked on top of each other after impregnation of zeolite into S. vulgare, and its size was reduced from 85 to 50 nm, which was confirmed through size particle distribution. The biocomposite was the most effective one in managing root rot disease caused by R. solani. It reduces disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) with efficacy (91.08% and 88.89%), respectively, compared to that recorded by commercial fungicides (63.09% and 61.81%). In the same manner, the composite extract recorded the highest efficiency percentage in controlling the disease caused by S. rolfsii (76.04 and 55.27%), respectively, compared to fungicide (67.74 and 36.92%). All applied treatments considerably reduced DS and DI caused by F. oxysporum. At the same time, growth characteristics, sucrose, and TSS percentages of the root juice significantly improved when the seeds were treated with the biocomposite extract.</p>

Microhistories of Technology

Mikael Hård

<p>The title of this book, Microhistories of Technology, is deliberate in its plurality and in its reference to being a collection of singular stories. These microhistories were crafted with the aim of unraveling the peculiarities of each regional technological landscape; at the center of each story are the specific knowledge and skills inherent in each local material culture. For example, inhabitants in Northern India employ various technologies, which may be called indigenous or imported, Western or Eastern, modern or traditional. Within this range of possibilities, the combination of solutions each group uses is place- and time-specific; in every case, the user's world is singular.<br></p><p>I chose the subtitle of this book to suggest its connection with Consumers, Tinkerers, Rebels: The People Who Shaped Europe, a book I coauthored with Ruth Oldenziel and published in 2013-as part of the Palgrave Macmillan book series Making Europe: Technology and Transformations, 1850-2000. In contrast to that book and my earlier works, this volume focuses on the interactions of individuals and groups with technology in the Global South, as well as in Central and East Asia. I highlight the practices, struggles, and aspirations of peoples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. I also apprise readers of the many myths and prejudices typically associated with imperial powers, globalizing forces, and development policies. In doing so, I hope to expand on the new body of literature that examines technology's complex and nuanced role in the modern world. My goal—and indeed the goal of the Global-HoT team—is to inspire readers to rethink the relationship between Western and non- Western material culture.</p>

New Traits of Agriculture/Food Quality Interface

Alessandra Durazzo

<p>There is a close link between food and territory. The current challenges can be found in precision agriculture and food metrology from the perspective of monitoring and improv- ing food quality and addressing the promotion of diversity of agroecosystems and diets. The study of Durazzo et al. [1] describes the metrology, agriculture, and food relationship by quantitative literature research analysis as a useful tool for identifying emerging research directions, collaboration networks, and suggestions for more in-depth literature searches. Research studies describing factors affecting food quality-such as agronomic conditions, post-harvest elicitors, cultivar selection, harvest date, or environmental influences—are described. Sustainable environmental and innovative practices should be promoted.<br></p><p>Hu et al. [2] have compared the grain quality and starch physicochemical properties between Japonica rice cultivars with different contents of amylose, as affected by nitrogen fertilization: the selection of a low amylose content japonica rice cultivar grown without nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the amylose and protein contents, as well as improving the pasting properties, starch retrogradation properties and eating quality of the cooked rice.</p>

Sugarcane: Its Products and Sustainability

Bimal Kumar Ghimire

<p>Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the main bioenergy crops and agricultural commodities worldwide. Sugarcane biomass is a promising source of sustainable renewable energy to meet the growing demands of biofuel. This book discusses the bioremediation properties of wastewater sugar refineries. It presents comprehensive information about current advances in value-added products of cane bagasse. As such, it also provides updates on the challenges and potentiality of sugar-ethanol and second-generation ethanol-electricity cogeneration. It contains seven chapters by eminent research scholars that cover a vast range of research on sugarcane as a construction material, its economic importance, and its yield potential. The book also highlights the social role of sugarcane cultivation. Finally, the book discusses the importance of abiotic stress affecting sugarcane productivity and its morphological characteristics. We are enormously grateful to our publisher IntechOpen and the authors who contributed their work to this book. We also extend our sincerest appreciation to Editor and Author Service Manager Ms. Romina Rovan who was instrumental in the preparation and publication of this volume.<br></p>

Sugarcane: Technology and Research

Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira

<p>Renewable energy has been considered one of the most relevant tools to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and avoid other environmental issues. In this context, the constant pursuit to achieve sustainability has led farmers and scientists to go one step further through agriculture, using bioenergy crops. When it comes to production of these types of specialized species, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is considered a successful and efficient model, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Moreover, its industry represents one of the most important economic activities worldwide, providing about 80% of the sugar consumed in the planet and reducing emissions of carbon dioxide by hundreds of million tons in the last few years.<br></p><p>Sugarcane is grown commercially in the tropics and subtropics, and is known to be one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. Nonetheless, facing the increasing population, and consequently, higher demand for sugar and biofuels, the demand for sugarcane and its by-products is set to increase in the next years. Thus, sugarcane research to improve sustainable production worldwide is the vital task of scientific community to address the increasing demands and needs for their products. In the last few decades, the results of wide-scale research have been applied, field mechanization has been improved, technical and agricultural methods have been developed, research and training extended and new methods established worldwide.</p>

Maize: Production and Use

Akbar Hossain

<p>Maize is an important staple cereal after wheat and rice. It is a source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B and minerals for many poor people in the world. In some areas, maize is used both as silage and the grains are usually used for food, starch and oil extraction industrially. In developing countries, maize is a major source of income for resource-poor farmers. Due to its multiple uses, the demand for maize is rising day by day globally. Therefore, it is imperative for the improvement of maize productivity to meet the increasing demand. This book, entitled 'Maize - Production and Use, highlights the importance of maize and the improved management approaches for improving the productivity of maize in the era of changing climate.<br></p><p>As the academic editor of the book, I want to thank all the authors for their wonderful contributions, as well as the speed and efficiency in the delivery of their chapters. Special gratitude should be mentioned to all the excellent team from the Editorial Board of IntechOpen, particularly to Ms. Marijana Francetic, Author Service Manager, for their continued support and final compilation of this book.</p>

Maize Germplasm: Characterization and Genetic Approaches for Crop Improvement

Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi

<p>Maize is an important staple food crop worldwide. It is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice and is economically used for both livestock feeds and human consumption. The latest maize research has opened up new opportunities for crop improvement. Oilseed crops, including maize, also play an important role in the agricultural economy. Globally, the demand for vegetable oils is increasing due to the increasing per capita consumption of oil in our daily diets and its use as biofuels. A range of new technologies have been developed to enhance the productivity of this crop.<br></p><p>This book brings together recent works and advances that have recently been made in the dynamic fields of genetic characterization, molecular breeding, genetic engineering technologies, and mapping of agronomic traits of global maize germplasm. It also provides new insights into and sheds new light regarding the current research trends and future research directions in maize. This book will provoke interest in many readers, researchers, and scientists, who can find this information useful for the advancement of their research works to- ward maize improvement.</p>

Maize Genetic Resources: Breeding Strategies and Recent Advances

Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi

<p>Maize is one of the most economically important food crops worldwide. It is used for livestock feeds and human nutrition. Oilseed crops, such as maize, have a key role in the global agricultural economy. Recent strategies and new technolo- gies have been developed and adopted for improving maize crop production and productivity.<br></p><p>This book brings together recent advances, breeding strategies, and applications that have been made and applied in the field of biological control, breeding, and genetic improvement of maize genetic resources. It also provides new insights and presents new perspectives and future research work that has been carried out for further improvement of maize crops. This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, and scientists.</p>

Corn: Production and Human Health in Changing Climate

Amanullah, Shah Fahad

<p>Corn or maize (Zea mays L.) plays an important role in global food security. The many uses of corn make it a central commodity and a great influence on prices. Because of its world- wide distribution and relatively lower price, corn has a wider range of uses. It is used directly for human consumption, in industrially processed foods, as livestock feed, and in industrial nonfood products such as starches, acids, and alcohols. Recently, there has been interest in using maize for the production of ethanol as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. It is an important source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. Cli- mate change, however, is a growing concern among corn growers worldwide. Scientists esti- mate that corn production will need to be increased by 15% per unit area between 2017 and 2037. To increase corn yields, advanced and new production technology needs to be developed and distributed among corn growers. The advanced technology to boost corn yields and counteract climate change is important for food security for the growing global population. Nutritionally, maize seeds contain 60-68% starch and 7-15% protein. Maize oil is widely used as a cooking medium and for manufacturing hydrogenated oil. The oil has the quality of reducing cholesterol in the human blood similar sunflower oil. Corn flour is used as a thickening agent in the preparation of many edibles such as soups, sauces, and custard powder. Integrated nutrients management improves corn growth, leaf area index and light interception, dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain and fodder quality, yield components, grain and biomass yields, harvest index, and shelling percentage, and reduces the problem of food insecurity. Recent studies indicate that the integrated use of chemical and organic N-fertilizers can improve corn growth, increase yield and yield components, improve grain quality, and reduce environmental pollution. Macro- and micronutrients rich organic manures (animal manure, poultry manure, and plant residues, etc. in the form of compost, biochar, and residues) can serve as an effective substitute to costly synthetic fertilizers (urea, ammonium sulfate, nitrate, di-ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc.), which not only reduce the cost of production but also environmental pollution, and increases growers' income on a sustainable basis. Integrated nutrients management (combined use of chemical + organic + biofertilizers) in a cereals-based system, especially corn production, is therefore more resilient to climate change.<br></p>

Africa Soil Health Consortium: Handbook for Integrated Soil Fertility Management

Thomas Fairhurst

<p>The continent of Africa continues to grapple with many episodes of hunger and low crop productivity in multiple locations. With the ever-growing population in the continent, farmers continue to grow crops on the same land year after year. Under such continuous use, soil fertility declines if nutrients removed in crop products are not returned to the soil. To deal with this problem mineral fertilizers are essential. But as fertilizers are more expensive in Africa than anywhere else, most farmers use none at all. In response, many countries have subsidized fertilizers, yet often ignore supportive agricultural practices, institutions and policies. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers requires a good understanding of yield gaps (i.e. differences between actual, obtainable and potential yield under prevailing economic conditions) as well as biophysical and socio-economic factors constraints that hinder the closing of exploitable gaps.<br></p><p>Integrated soil fertility management, commonly referred to as ISFM, is presented in this handbook as a key contributor to Africa's low soil and crop productivity and especially for the main staples in the continent that include maize, beans, rice, cassava, bananas, sorghum, millet and other crops. In this context ISFM is defined as a set of soil fertility management practices that include the integrated use of mineral fertilizers, organic inputs and improved germplasms combined with the knowledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions which are aimed at optimizing efficient agronomic use of the applied nutrients and thereby improving crop productivity. In this definition, all inputs need to be managed following sound agronomic and economic principles. ISFM cannot work if not supported by governments that are responsible for fertilizer imports, an enabled extension service that is critical to delivering the technology to the farmers, as well as a vibrant agro-dealer private sector that ensures efficient fertilizer and seed availability and distribution.</p>

Landraces: Traditional Variety and Natural Breed

Amr Elkelish

<p>Conservation and genetic diversity in crops are essential elements of sustainable solutions for hunger, malnutrition, and livelihood improvement. Unsustainable use of natural resources, promotion of genetically uniform varieties over local varieties, introduction of alien invasive species, changing human consumption patterns, lack of or inappropriate legislation and policy, and climate change all threaten crop diversity.<br></p><p>Food safety has long been associated with abundant main crops producing cereal, roots and tubers, vegetables, and fruits to supply affordable nutrient energy sources. However, this image has changed as the concept of nutritional security has become an important component of food safety, and food diversity has become the fundamental component of human health.</p><p>In both extreme wild and trade forms, conceptualizations appear clear in the broad range of plant materials regarding domestication and/or reproduction. Wild plants are not domesticated or subject to artificial selection and reproduction processes. They do not show any typical crop features, such as uniform germination of seeds and fruit maturation. Commercial varieties are produced by a breeding program to improve certain features of the crop.</p>